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purchase custom General Introduction to the Case exposition The case includes Carol Howes, who is a Warden of the Lakeland Correctional Facility in Michigan as the candidate. Randall Fields who is a detainee at the Lakeland Correctional Facility is the respondent. Randall Fields is condemned to detainment for ten to fifteen years. He is carrying out the punishment under state feelings for criminal sexual direct of an exhaustive round of questioning. As indicated by the appeal side of the case, two sheriffs representatives expelled Randall Fields from his cell without counsel on his Miranda rights. In any case, Fields was educated that he was at freedom to leave on the off chance that he was not ready to proceed with the cross examination. In any case, the respondent didn't leave or request to be accompanied back to the cell. The applicant contends that a splendid line Miranda decide that was applied for this situation gives indicted lawbreakers a bigger number of rights even than customary residents (American Bar Association 12). The applicant further affirms that the Court ought to embrace Miranda setting explicit test particularly where detainees are included and in this manner ought to return the new brilliant line approach of the Sixth Circuit. As indicated by the respondent side of the case, Fields Miranda rights were damaged since he was not properly trained of these rights before the cross examination and expulsion from the prison as is legitimately anticipated. In spite of the fact that he was educated regarding his freedom to leave in the event that he was not ready to proceed with the cross examination, there was quite one to accompany him back to the cell since he was curious about the structure. Randall Fields had no other option however to sit and proceed with the cross examination since there was nobody to accompany him back to the cell. Accordingly, while he was at freedom to leave, this was not sure beyond a shadow of a doubt. This is in opposition to the arrangements of the Fifth Amendment law that ensures the utilization of the brilliant line test comparable to cases including custodial cross examinations (American Bar Association 18). The Supreme Court law likewise requires that Miranda rights be given to a prisoner expelled from jail populace for cross examination outside the jail and where the officials included are unaffiliated with the jail (American Bar Association 18). The case requires the Supreme Court to decide the materialness of Miranda rights rules and whether Fields was qualified for these rights during his cross examination away from the general jail populace. It additionally includes assurance of whether the Fifth Amendment law totally applies where custodial cross examinations are included (American Bar Association 12). The Supreme Court is in this way to decide if, in accordance with the Fifth Amendment law and the brilliant line Miranda standard, Fields rights were really disregarded during the cross examination away from the jail populace. Ideological issues in the Case The liberal side of this case would bolster Fields on grounds that he was not educated regarding his Miranda rights even as he was being expelled from the general jail populace for cross examination in the gathering room in abnormally odd hour. In spite of the fact that he was educated that he had the choice of leaving back to the prison, one of the agents as a matter of fact affirmed that thedefendant was not accompanied back to the cell (Dominguez 2011). The liberal side would subsequently bolster the respondent and base their choice in light of the fact that his privileges as accommodated in the Fifth Amendment law and the brilliant line test way to deal with Miranda admonitions were abused. The traditionalist side would support Carol Howes, the applicant by turning to the arrangements of Mathis (American Bar Association 10). The traditionalists would embrace Miranda setting explicit test approach for this situation. Hemmes et al (550) sets that this arrangement holds that Miranda rights are appropriate however don't explicitly build up that such people in care be naturally qualified for Miranda alerts each time they are to be grilled away from the general jail populace (Brody and Acker 245). Incomparable Courts Possible Ruling By and large, the Court would receive a liberal choice in its decision. This choice is affected by the arrangement of the Fifth Amendment and the use of the splendid line test way to deal with Miranda rights. Further, the Supreme Court law gives that Miranda rights be given to any detainee expelled from jail populace for cross examination on events outside the jail and where the officials included are unaffiliated with the jail (American Bar Association 18). This privilege was damaged by the applicant. This clarifies why the choice is probably going to be liberal and for the respondent. Genuine belief about the Case In the appeal case including Carol Howes and Randall Fields, I would decide for the respondent. This is on the grounds that the Sixth Circuits Mathis gives that Miranda admonitions must be given at whatever point a law requirement official expels any prisoner from everybody for any custodial cross examinations (Dominguez 2011). Fields was not qualified for the Miranda rights at the hour of his expulsion from the prison. Point of reference and Impact of the Case The point of reference for this situation is established on the general arrangements for Miranda rights. On account of Oregon and Mathiason, 429 U.S. 494 (1977), the court considering Mathis, concluded that Miranda guideline is completely material dependent on the splendid line approach in the settings where cross examination of a detainee happens in a setting ceaselessly from the jail populace (American Bar Association 21). In Oregon versus Mathiason, the Court unequivocally expressed that Miranda rights are truly material where there is limitation on a detainees opportunity and where the cross examination is coercive. This was the equivalent on account of Fields versus Howes. In this regard, the job of gaze decisis will be extremely basic in the Supreme Courts choice for this situation. The Court will likewise depend on the aftereffects of the point of reference case including Rhodes Island versus Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301 (1980). For this situation, the Court was to choose an issue where there was debate between utilization of splendid line test guideline and the logical test way to deal with Miranda arrangements (Hemmes et al 550). For this situation the Court concluded that the coerciveness of the cross examination condition is a different inquiry from the issue including authority. Therrefore, where the detainee is as of now in authority, the splendid line way to deal with Miranda is relevant in accordance with the arrangements of the Fifth Amendment law that the Supreme Court alludes to in instances of a comparable sort (Brody and Acker 245-246). Thinking about the point of reference and assessing the effect of this case, United States versus Menzer of 1994 could be utilized as a kind of perspective. For this situation, the officials that were doing the cross examinations endeavored to guarantee that the cross examinations were as non-coercive as could reasonably be expected. The detainee was likewise given the alternative to choose whether or not he needed to meet the officials for cross examinations (Brody and Acker 245-246). This is the reason the Court decided for the candidate. On the opposite Fields was not conceded this right. His cross examination was straightforwardly coercive. This clarifies why the Supreme Court must not go on the opposite regarding the point of reference cases and the gaze decisis. The point of reference cases and the job of gaze decisis would be basic in deciding the result of this case. This is on the grounds that on a basic level, the Supreme Court doesn't repudiate itself. The arrangement of Sixth Circuit that holds that standard addressing doesn't require exhortation on the rights would accordingly be overlooked for this situation (American Bar Association 32). Rather, the Court would allude to Mathis and the Fifth Amendment law as the controlling point of reference for this situation. The result of this case would be exceptionally basic particularly as far as setting priority for the future cases including cross examination of detainees and where the Miranda cautioning arrangements are included. In addition, it will be noteworthy particularly considering the way that brilliant line and Miranda setting explicit test approaches have been packed by contrasts in translation in the lower Courts. The choice of the Supreme Court in Fields versus Howes would in this way be utilized as a referent case to manage future decisions in cases including privileges of detainees that are being investigated away from the general jail populace. Pertinence of the Case to Class Learning Context The case is exceptionally applicable to the course content as it includes assurance of infringement of Miranda rights or the nonattendance of the equivalent. It is further intriguing to investigate how this associates with the arrangements of the Fifth Amendment law that aides cases including custodial cross examinations. The Fifth Amendment law strengthens the splendid line test and Miranda standards as it identifies with custodial cross examinations. In this way, appropriate contemplations must be made in order to enable an individual to comprehend and abuse all the benefits that the case settings give. Fields was not ensured this privilege and benefit during his cross examination. The Fifth Amendment law likewise gives that the litigant in a custodial case be made mindful of the option to stay quiet in the cross examination process. This is very relevant for this situation particularly thinking about that Randall Fields was not totally given this right. This is in spite of the reality the Fifth Amendment and the arrangement of Miranda notice and rights defends his privileges since he is in lawful care until he has completely served his ten to multi year sentence. Purchase custom General Introduction to the Case paper

Will attach the assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Will join the task - Essay Example In being within the sight of an illicit substance, I assume the liability of tolerating a sentence. Since this case is the first of a sort for me, I could draw in a prison term of one year. Then again, I could get a fine of 1000 US Dollars. I could incompletely censure numbness for my circumstance. The standards of maryjane allude to owners and vendors. Most young people in the organization of clients of the medication neglects to understand the repercussions attached to vicinity to weed. In certain states, the charges forced on the ownership of pot are less mellow contrasted with charges forced for ownership of different perilous controlled substances like cocaine. In any case, a few appointed authorities specifically examples have regularly forced intense sentences for oblivious first-time guilty parties. The times of individuals associated with the ownership of the medications, the criminal records and the status in the network ought to be considered in deciding commendable sentences or disciplines. When trapped in the ownership of cannabis or relationship with weed clients, questions will undoubtedly emerge. Any police or medication authorization organizations would barrage any first-time guilty party with questions in regards to the lawful outcomes of pot. Law authorities as a rule plot the likely sentences that may come to pass for people if there should be an occurrence of ownership of maryjane. The sentences would likewise be reported to individuals trapped in closeness to cannabis clients. Numerous law authorities work on the presumption that peers who partner have comparable propensities. By the by, the recognition is lost since maryjane clients may have companions who never utilize the medication. In case of ownership or vicinity to pot clients, the law should twist. For individuals who partner with maryjane clients, the disciplines or sentences ought to be gentle. Then again, the police should offer alerts. Judiciously, the police ought to weigh between forcing incorrec tly sentences and adjusting first-time guilty parties more

Must-Read September New Releases

Must-Read September New Releases Keep track of all your most anticipated new releases with the New Release Index, available through Book Riot Insiders! Never fear, our contributors are here to topple your September To-Be-Read stacks with their new release recommendations! Whether we’ve read them and can’t wait to see them on the shelves, or we’ve heard tell of their excellence in the book world and have been (not-so) patiently waiting to get our hot little hands on them, these are the new titles we’re watching our libraries and bookstores for this month. What books are you looking forward to in September? Let us know in the comments below! Liberty Hardy Little Fires Everywhere by Celeste Ng (September 12, Penguin Press): Mia, an artist, and her teen daughter, Pearl, move to a quite Cleveland neighborhood, where they make friends with their landlord, Elena, and her family. But when one of the Elena’s friends attempts to adopt a Chinese-American baby, the custody battle divides the town and Mia and Pearl. Determined to discover why Mia is so upset, Elena delves into Mia’s secret past, but her actions will have devastating consequences. This is a quiet but powerful look at family, secrets, and running from the past. Once again, Ng has delivered a near-perfect novel. Kate Scott Sleeping Beauties by Stephen King (September 26, Scribner): I am not a Stephen King fan. In fact, I have never read one of his books and I’ve never really been all that interested in exploring his work, but the premise of this collaboration between King and his son is too good to pass up. In the world of Sleeping Beauties, women become shrouded in a cocoon-like gauze and go to a better placeâ€"a place without violence or hateâ€"when they go to sleep. But if they are awakened or disturbed, they become feral and violent. One woman, Eve, is immune to the sleeping illness. Left in a world without women, men divide into warring factions. Some want to save Eve; others believe she is a demon that needs to be slain. I’m excited to see how gender and violence are treated in this novel. Jamie Canaves Bluebird, Bluebird by Attica Locke (September 12, Mulholland Books): This is Attica Locke’s best noveland that’s saying something considering all her work is damn goodand top of the list for best mystery of 2017. Bluebird, Bluebird introduces us to Darren Mathews, a black Texas ranger who’s technically on suspension after his trying to help a situation doesn’t go well for him. But technicality of suspension doesn’t stop him from investigating a murder of a black man and a white woman in a small town. Saying his help isn’t wanted is an understatement as the town holds on dearly to its racism and secrets, but Mathews won’t be stopped from finding the truth no matter what his problems are back home or what town members do to him. Locke creates a great mystery, fantastic characters, and places you in Texas in a manner that not only has you feeling the heat slick your skin with sweat but you’ll be thinking about racism and justice long after you’ve closed the book. Jessica Woodbury Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward (September 5, Scribner): If you’re wondering who will be picking up Toni Morrison’s mantle, Sing, Unburied, Sing makes Jesmyn Ward the obvious choice. A book rooted in real life but possessed by spirits and ghosts, this book feels distinctly modern and part of a long literary tradition. Following a mother and son in Mississippi on their trip to pick up the family’s father from prison, this is a harrowing but hugely rewarding read on race, family, addiction, and poverty that feels urgent and important. Kate Krug Warcross by Marie Lu (September 12, G.P. Putnam’s Sons Books for Young Readers): In a futuristic New York City, teenage hacker, Emika, works as a bounty hunter to make ends meet. When she manages to hack into the virtual reality game and international phenomenon, Warcross, she attracts the attention of its creator, Hideo. She’s hired as a “wildcard” player for the Warcross world championship as a spy. It’s fast-paced, truly imaginative, and features a [bad-ass] East Asian protagonist. The cliffhanger is killer, but worth it. Sarah Nicolas Thunderstruck by Brenda Drake (September 11, Entangled Teen): “A comic-loving teen becomes embroiled in an ancient conflict after she catches the attention of a new student?-the son of the Norse god Thor.” Brenda is an awesome author and is so giving to the author community and I’m so happy for every new book from her! I can’t wait to read her take on Norse mythology. Annika Barranti Klein What Happened by Hillary Rodham Clinton (September 12, Simon Schuster): I will be honest: I am not sure if I will be able to read this book. Hillary’s loss in November is an open wound for me and most of the nation. But it’s vitally important to hear her story in her words. “Now free from the constraints of running, Hillary takes you inside the intense personal experience of becoming the first woman nominated for president by a major party in an election marked by rage, sexism, exhilarating highs and infuriating lows, stranger-than-fiction twists, Russian interference, and an opponent who broke all the rules. This is her most personal memoir yet.” Cindy Butor Tomb of Annihilation by Wizards RPG Team (game design by Chris Perkins, Will Doyle, and Steve Winter with additional design by Adam Lee and story consultation by Pendleton Ward)(September 19, Wizards of the Coast): I am PUMPED that the Dungeons and Dragons module Tomb of Annihilation is coming out on September 19. You’ll get to learn about the death curse, a wasting disease affecting anyone that’s ever been raised before, the Soulmonger, whose occupation is self-evident, and tons of different dinosaurs, undead creatures, new spells, and detail on the land of Chult. There’re going to be so many cool new characters, adventures, and details about the multiverse. I can’t wait! Claire Handscombe The Diary of a Bookseller by Shaun Blythell (September 28, Profile Books): I’ve seen this compared to Love, Nina, which I really enjoyed a few years ago. That book is the diary of a nanny in 1980s London; this one belongs to the owner of Scotland’s biggest second hand bookshop. It’s probably going to be explode my TBR, though, since as well as recounting various adventures in staff wrangling and book discovery, there’s unsurprisingly, a lot of reading recommendations along the way. Jaime Herndon Riot Days by Maria Alyokhina (September 28, Metropolitan/Henry Holt): This is by a Pussy Riot member who was sentenced to two years in jail for her part in their infamous church demonstration. A memoir that pulls back the veil of what it’s like to be someone who speaks out in Putin’s Russia, this is a sobering yet hopeful book that will fortify you during the Resistance. Should be required reading for everyone. Dana Staves Thanks, Obama: My Hopey, Changey White House Years by David Litt (September 19, HarperCollins): David Litt landed one hell of a job after college: a speechwriter for the Obama administration. His memoir, Thanks, Obama, tells us the behind-the-scenes story of White House life (or across the street from the White House, as it happens): political gridlock, big and small wins, moments of awkwardness (usually in front of the POTUS), and a self-awareness about the whole business that is down-to-earth and amusing. This book can also be a bit of a bummer at times, narrating the road to our current political situation, but while Litt must tell the truth of that journey, he also shows us the journey of a young man coming into his own, politically, personally, and professionally. It’s a story of a person doing his work except this work is writing speeches for Barack Obama. Alison Doherty Forest Dark by Nicole Krauss (September 12, Harper): For me there are two categories I sort books into: The History of Love, Nicole Krauss’s last novel, and all other books. It’s my favorite, a book I can and do read again and again and again (in paperback, ebook, and audiobook format). So you can imagine how thrilled I am for this story about the journeys of two unrelated New Yorkers to Israel and their entanglements in creative projects. Bah! I can’t wait. Nikki DeMarco I Hate Everyone But You: A Novel by Gaby Dunn and Allison Raskin (September 5, Wednesday Books): This is an epistolary young adult novel told entirely in text messages and emails between best friends who go to college on opposite sides of the country. I love the idea of this book because instead of a romantic love story, it’s a friendship love story which is often more important. Rebecca Hussey Katalin Street by Magda Szabo, translated by Len Rix (September 12, NYRB Classics): I love the books NYRB Classics puts out, and I’m also eager to read more in translation. Originally published in 1969, this novel tells the story of three families in Budapest whose lives are torn apart by the German occupation of 1944. It sounds like a difficult read, but also an important and memorable one. Eric Smith The End of the World Running Club by Adrian J. Walker (September 5, Sourcebooks): This book came out last year in the U.K., but it’s coming to the U.S. in September, and oh my goodness, I am so excited. I’m currently reading an ARC, and I can already see why it was such a smash across the ocean. It’s a post-apocalyptic novel, which is exactly the kind of story I’m a sucker for, about a man who has to run across the country to reach his wife and child as the world is crumbling around him, and the sky is literally raining down. Because there’s a possibility there are ships that can save him and his family. If he can get there, of course. I’ll probably finish reading this by the time this post goes up. Rachel Manwill An Excess Male by Maggie Shen King (September 12, Harper Voyager): This debut novel a paperback original explores what the terrifying result of China’s One Child Policy could look like, in which everyone has a son and by 2030 25% of all men in their 30s will not have a family of their own. In King’s all-too-real near-future dystopia, 40 million unmarriageable men are fighting to create dowries and improve their position to potential wives. I’m so excited for this take on politics, gender, and authoritarian states, particularly in light of our current Handmaid’s Tale-like reality. Ashlie Swicker Moxie by Jennifer Mathieu (September 19, Roaring Brook Press): Vivian Carter is fed up with the toxic culture in her Texas high school. When she takes inspiration from her mother’s stash of Riot Grrrl zines to make a covert move against the patriarchy, the result is thrilling, but what will happen if her secret is revealed? This book has intersectional feminism, zine-making, female friendships, high school badassery- it comes out just in time for back to school, which feels perfect. Timely and empowering, Moxie is in the running for my fave of 2017 Nicole Brinkley Girls Made of Snow and Glass by Melissa Bashardoust (September 5, Flatiron Books): This feminist fantasy take on Snow White is a must-have for those who love luscious YA retellings. Im halfway through it now, and its absolutely stunning. The story jumps between Snow Whites story in the present world of the book and her stepmothers life at sixteen. (And Snow White is queer!) Im really excited to finish it, and know a lot of you will enjoy it. Tasha Brandstatter A Kiss in Lavender by Laura Florand (September 12, self-published): I’ve never met a Laura Florand book I didn’t like, if not outright love, and according to Florand A Kiss in Lavender is going to be her last novel before she takes an extended sabbatical from writing. The story wraps up her La Vie en Roses series, which centers around a family of perfumiers in Grasse with a history dating back to the Renaissance, and focuses on the most mysterious Rosier of all: Lucien. I’m not as into the perfume books as I am her chef romances, but a new Florand book is always something to look forward to. Can’t wait! Danika Ellis Taste of Marrow (River of Teeth #2) by Sarah Gailey (September 12, TOR): I just finished River of Teeth, and I was blown away by how much I enjoyed it. I was already entirely on board with the idea of an alternate history of a hippo-ridden USAa hippo Western, if you will. Little did I know that the vicious hippos wouldn’t even be my favourite part! I loved the caper, and I especially loved the mostly-queer, mostly-poc cast. One of the main character is nonbinary and uses they/them pronouns! It’s a revelation! I loved this gory romp (did you know hippos can bite a man in two?), and I can’t wait to read the second part of this duology! Priya Sridhar Rebel Seoul by Axie Oh (September 15, Tu Books): Let’s bring on a POC tale with war and ruin to the forefront. A potential combat candidate, Jaewon, wants to prove his worth in the military. He helps a comrade that is being trained into a weapon, with orders to spy on her. I am here for this story, to explore friendship in the time of war, and espionage that can prove heartbreaking. Adiba Jaigirdar They Both Die at the End by Adam Silvera (September 5, HarperTeen): Mateo and Rufus both receive the death-cast alert letting them know that they will die sometime in the next 24 hours. For different reasons, both find themselves alone on their last day. But through the last friend app, Mateo and Rufus find their way to each other in the hopes of having a last day that is worth a lifetime. This was the first novel that I read by Adam Silvera, so I can’t comment on how it differs from what else he has written. I can say that this novel pulls at all of the right heartstrings in all of the right ways. Karina Glaser The Way to Bea by Kat Yeh (September 19, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers): Kat Yeh’s tenderhearted characters are always a thrill to meet, and shy, artistic Beatrix Lee is no exception. After an embarrassing incident at a pool party, Bea finds herself estranged from her longtime best friend. She writes haikus with invisible ink and hides them in a tree, convinced that her friend will find them. In the meantime, a supportive librarian invites Bea to be a part of the school newspaper, and there Bea meets other kids who admire her artistry and encourage Bea to take risks. A sweet middle grade book about being a misfit in middle school, which surely most kids will embrace and find comfort in. Teresa Preston Solar Bones by Mike McCormack (September 12, Soho Press): I’ve been hearing lots of good things about this novel that was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize and is publishing in the U.S. this month. It’s written as a single sentence (or perhaps a series of fragments) in which an Irish man looks back on his life and the world around him. It’s the kind of gimmick that could turn out very badly, but is sublime when it works well. I’m eager to see which way this goes! James Wallace Harris The Hainish Novels and Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin (September 5, Library of America): This elegant two-volume set brings Ursula K. Le Guin’s most famous science fiction novels to the world of literary readers. It is recognition for both Le Guin and science fiction. These beautiful uniform editions are prized by collectors and quite distinctive on bookshelves. Jen Sherman Dawn and the Impossible Three (The Baby-sitters Club Graphix #5) by Ann M. Martin and Gale Galligan (September 26, Graphix): I’ll be honest, I’m a little disappointed that the fifth Baby-sitters club graphic novel isn’t done by Raina Telgemeier, who did the first four BSC graphic novels. BUT from what I’ve seen of this so far, it still looks pretty amazing! The pages I’ve seen have the same fun and whimsical touch that Telgemeier added to the first BSC graphic novels, but with a slightly different style. I can’t wait to get my hands on this and relive my childhood. Kristen McQuinn A Secret History of Witches by Louisa Morgan (September 5, Redhook): A fictional history of five generations of Witches. It starts in Brittany in the 1800s and goes to WWII, where the women may or may not use magic to influence the war. Thats really all I needed to know to be super excited for it to come out! Laura Sackton Don’t Call Us Dead by Danez Smith (September 5, Greywolf Press): I was blown away by Smith’s first poetry collection, [Insert] Boy. Smith writes about being black and queer in America, and their poems are searing and gorgeous, heartbreaking and celebratory, and deeply relevant. In Don’t Call Us Dead, Smith’s poems range from explorations of desire, embodiment, and being HIV positive, to an imagined afterlife for black men killed by police. I know it’s going to be a book I can’t put down even when it hurts to read. If, like me, you can’t wait for September 5th, check out Danez Smith performing poems on YouTube and prepare to be awed. Katisha Smith Reset by Ellen Pao (September 19, Spiegel Grau): In 2015, Ellen Pao sued a Silicon Valley venture capital firm for workplace discrimination and retaliation against women and other underrepresented groups. The suit rocked the tech world and exposed its toxic culture. Although she lost her suit, she won public support and Time hailed her as “the face of change.” Reset tells Pao’s full story for the first time. Maureen Stinger Spliced by Jon McGoran (September 5, Holiday House): I’ll read pretty much anything Science Fiction, anything about fighting oppression, and anything YA, and this SciFi YA thriller about humans going to back-alley geneticists to have animal DNA spliced into theirs does not disappoint. If you are born human, but you become a chimera, are you still a person? The book is told from the POV of Jimi, a teenage girl whose best friend Del is obsessed with becoming a chimera in an environment where legislators and religious leaders are waging campaigns against them. McGoran keeps you hooked from the start. Michelle Hart Kiss Me Someone: Stories by Karen Shepard (September 12, Tin House Books): The stories in Karen Shepard’s collection, Kiss Me Someone, are absolutely brutal and would probably be too tough to get through if the prose wasn’t as gorgeous as it is. Many of the stories here deal with horrifying subjectsâ€"rape, incestâ€"but Shepard treats them with a deft hand. She is also unafraid to let her female characters be unlikable; one of the most interesting things about the collection is that it works towards a grand unified theory of female meanness, a kind of malice that is wholly intrinsic to women. If you read just one story from this collection, make it “Girls Only,” a story about bridesmaids who have been friends since college, when they all witnessed the sexual assault of the bride-to-be and did and said nothing. Margaret Kingsbury The Dollmaker of Krakow by R.M. Romero (September 12, Delacorte Press): I love the fairytale premise of this middle grade novel. A doll is whisked away from her homea home with magic and kings and queensto Krakow, where she meets and befriends a dollmaker. And then Nazi soldiers invade. It has that mix of quirk and darkness and beauty that I love so much about fairy tales, and it’s both reminiscent of other fairytale classics while still seeming absolutely unique. And the cover is beautiful! Definitely a book I want in print. Kim Ukura Bored and Brilliant by Manoush Zomorodi (September 5, St. Martins Press): In 2015, listeners of Manoush Zomorodi’s Note to Self (then called New Tech City) podcast were led through an exercise in assessing their technology habits, unplugging from their devices, and fostering their creativity. Bored and Brilliant takes the lessons of that experiment and expands on them, looking at ways to rethink how we use our devices and what lives of constant entertainment and connection can be for creative thinking. I remember listening to the original podcast experiment, and the ways it helped me look more closely at my technology use. I’m excited to revisit those ideas in the book. Deepali Agarwal Upcountry Tales: Once Upon a Time in the Heart of India by Mark Tully (September 16, Speaking Tiger, India Release Date): This is a collection of fictional stories set in the India before the economic liberalization of 1991: tales of “unlikely rebels, delightful pragmatists, bunglers and bumblers, quiet heroesâ€"finding ways to deal with bad governance, corruption and social hierarchies.” I am looking forward to this enticing swirl of fable, folklore and journalism, something Mark Tully does well. The chosen setting of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India is especially interesting, given the current tumultuous political scenario here, where the issues can very efficiently be categorized under “bad governance, corruption and social hierarchies”, and call for a hard look into history. Tiffany D’Abate The Origin of Others by Toni Morrison (September 18, Harvard University Press): Toni Morrison’s Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination was one of the cornerstones of my literary criticism education, so I’m excited to see she has another nonfiction work, The Origin of Others, out in September. Part essay, part memoir, and part literary criticism, this work focuses primarily on race and how it informs the way we view ourselves, and more significantly, others. And although Ms. Morrison needs no introduction, The Origin of Others will also include a foreword by Ta-Nehisi Coates. Trisha Brown Autoboyography by Christina Lauren (September 12, Simon Schuster Books for Young Readers): I don’t read all the YA, but this is right up my alley: Tanner is a bisexual high-school senior living in Provo, UT, a city that’s heavily Mormon. That LDS population includes Sebastian, a recent Provo High grad who comes back to mentor Tanner’s writing seminar and with whom Tanner falls quickly and completely in love. There’s a lot to balance in this story even when it isn’t fair that they should have to do so, characters are pushed to choose and prioritize among all of the most foundational people in and parts of their lives. These are writers (Christina Lauren is actually two people) who are experts at diffusing tension with humor, though, and despite the importance and sensitivity of the topics, the gravity of Autoboyography keeps the stakes high without weighing the story down. Save

Should Marijuana Be Legal - 1393 Words

To understand the controversy about marijuana, it is helpful to first look at its history. Marijuana (or Cannabis as it was originally known) has been found as far back as the 3rd millennium BC in burial sites in Romania. Over the centuries it has been found to have been used for medicinal purposes in China and other countries, as well as for religious and spiritual ceremonies in many different countries. Cannabis was brought to America in the early years, grown as a crop, and used medicinally. In the early 1900s, along with prohibition of alcohol, the attitude about the use of cannabis started to change for many people. On the other hand, the U.S. pharmaceutical farms were expanding production and by 1918 were growing 60,000 pounds†¦show more content†¦Four states have legalized recreational marijuana in certain quantities. Twenty states have decriminalized marijuana, generally making it a minor traffic violation for first time offenders. The federal government has st ated that it will not override what the states have passed, but it is still considered illegal. I believe that marijuana should be legalized by the federal government so the medical benefits can be expanded and regulated, to reduce and redirect prison and law enforcement resources, and for the economic benefits it will create. We know there are numerous medical benefits of marijuana, but others are uncharted territory since only limited research can be done on an illegal drug. We also know the therapeutic effects of marijuana are based on science. Marijuana contains 60 active ingredients known as cannabinoids (Zimmermann). The primary one is THC which targets the CB1 receptor in the brain, liver, kidneys, lung, and nervous system. The CB1 receptor helps the person handle pain. In fact, the FDA has approved two chemically altered forms of THC that are used for nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. Another cannabinoid is CBD which reduces pain and inflammation, has been shown to control epileptic seizures, and may even be a treatment for mental illness and addition. Recent animal studies of THC and CBD show that it may help kill

Math Studies Sl Internal Assessment - 2310 Words

Dependency of a Boxer’s Win rate on Reach and Gender Antonio Paolo Gomez Candidate No. 003902-006 Northbridge International School Cambodia Math Studies Internal Assessment Word Count: 1655 Statement of Task 3 Plan 3 Data 4 Math Processes 5 Simple math processes: 5 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient r: 7 Chi-Square 8 Discussion/Validity 10 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Statement of Task Boxing is a very well known sport around the world, where two disciplined athletes face off in a ring, trading blows until one of them submits or until judges decide a winner. The sport revolves around throwing blows with their fists, and to organize said athletes, their characteristics are measured, and their accomplishments are recorded. Before†¦show more content†¦We can see a bigger difference between the reach of the two genders but this would most likely be because men tend to grow and develop their bodies naturally larger than women. Standard Deviation: Reach: Males: Sx=170-185.872+173-185.872+183-185.872+194-185.872†¦180-185.87215 Sx=10.626 Females: Sx=165-1662+161-1662+167-1662+166-1662+162-1662†¦169-166215 Sx=4.163 Both Genders: Sx=170-175.932+173-175.932+183-175.932+194-175.932†¦169-175.93230 Sx=12.798 We are able to see that the standard deviation is greater for the male boxers female boxers. We can assume that the pieces of data from the men are spread farther from the mean as compared to the data from the women. This means that in regards to the data collected, female boxers seem to be closer in their measured reach as compared to the males. The standard deviation for both groups surpasses the calculated standard deviation for the separate male and female groups, meaning that as a whole range of data, the reachesShow MoreRelatedIb Math Sl Type Ii Ia1192 Words   |  5 PagesLacsap’s Fractions IB Math SL Internal Assessment Paper 1 Lacsap’s Fractions Lacsap is Pascal spelled backward. Therefore, Pascal’s Triangle can be used practically especially with this diagram. (Diagram 1) This diagram is of Pascal’s Triangle and shows the relationship of the row number, n, and the diagonal columns, r. This is evident in Lacsap’s Fractions as well, and can be used to help understand some of the following questions. Solutions Describe how to findRead MoreMath Ia2156 Words   |  9 Pages IB Math Studies Internal Assessment: What is the Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income of the Test Takers around the World? Exam Session: May 2011 School name: International School Bangkok Teacher: Mr. Demille Date: December 8th, 2010 Course: IB Math Studies Word Count: 1,832 Name: Billy Egnehall What is the Relationship between SAT Scores and Family Income of the Test Takers around the World? Introduction The SAT examination is mostly in today’s world of academics, a requirementRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pageslearned [8.3.3.4] 9.4.2.2 Individual performance appraisals Chapter 7 Managing Risk Chapter 15 Chapter 16 International Projects Oversight 11.1 Risk management process [F.8] 11.2 Identifying risks 11.3.2.2 Impact matrix 11.4 Risk assessment 11.5 Risk responses (.2–.1.2) 11.6 Risk register 7.1.2.5 PERT analysis 7.1.2.6.3 Contingency reserves 7.3.3.4 Change control management G.7 Culture awareness 1.4.4 Project offices 8.1.2 Continuous improvement 5.1 Requirements vs. actual [5.3] Read MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesabout what accounting should be. In response, users of accounting information, management accounting professionals, and system designers may seek to alter the information provided within their organizations to align with such ideals. In this sense, internal accounting changes may be driven by demand-level needs as well as supply-side inXuences. Moreover, forces reXecting broader changes both in structures and processes in businesses, organizations, and society and in contemporary ideas and discourses

Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre Free Essays

string(124) " first introduction immediately shown his hypocrisy by Bronte until a little later in the novel when Jane is at his school\." â€Å"The men in the novel are all repressive patriarchs. For them, male supremacy must be absolute. † In the light of this comment, discuss Bronte’s presentation of male characters in ‘Jane Eyre’. We will write a custom essay sample on Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the novel of Jane Eyre, there seems to be a common sense of patriarchal dominance, as possessed by the male characters. Bronte shows male supremacy through four key characters that Jane encounters throughout her life. Each character differs hugely, though this sense of a higher and more powerful individual, over Jane, remains prevalent in each – they are all repressive patriarchs in some way, though of varying magnitudes. The Victorian society was a completely different society to the one we live in now and it was well-known to be male-dominated and one in which women had almost no rights at all. The fact that Bronte wrote Jane Eyre during this period in time is clearly reflected in the male characters in the novel. It is evident that Bronte herself may have experienced or been put in some of the situations that she portrays Jane to be in by some oppressive male character in her own life. Nevertheless, it is seen that these characters do change as the novel progresses as Bronte seems to give them a chance to withdraw themselves as a repressive force, and show a little more consideration and compassion towards others and women in particular. John Reed is the first of Bronte’s repressive patriarchs in the novel. He is placed at the beginning of the novel and is introduced to us almost immediately. He is in fact the very first oppressive force to Jane in her life and in this way is very significant. At first, John does not seem to be a huge threat to Jane, merely branding her a â€Å"bad animal† and a â€Å"rat†. This juvenile name-calling behaviour, as expressed by John, is still oppressive in that he uses these names to assert a higher power over Jane, subsequent to pronouncing all the books in the house as his property. He reminds Jane that she is in a highly precarious position in society and that she has no class due to the fact that she is living with them. She is classified as â€Å"less than a servant† according to him because she does â€Å"nothing for [her] keep†. John taunts Jane proclaiming that she â€Å"ought to beg† to even live. He continuously reminds Jane that she is a â€Å"dependent†; somewhat indicating that she is dependent on him due to the fact that he is the only male in the household, and therefore the master by birth. Furthermore, John demands obedience of Jane, even though he is only but four years older than her. He exercises what he feels is his power as a male over her physically, as can be seen when he hits Jane with a book as the â€Å"volume was flung†. This physical abuse is indicative of Bronte expressing that John Reed believes that male supremacy must be absolute. The regularity of his bullying as a demand for obedience of Jane, not â€Å"once or twice in a day, but continually† is also characteristic of a repressive patriarch who would feel more secure in continuous rather than periodic abuse. John Reed’s appearance may even be said to be one of a typical oppressive male character. Being â€Å"large and stout† with â€Å"heavy limbs and large extremities† indicate that he is quite a large boy for his age and automatically an intimidating individual. His actions towards Jane are also somewhat animalistic such as â€Å"thrusting out his tongue at [her] as far as he could without damaging the roots†, suggesting his belief in a primal sense of alpha male dominance over a shrewdness of apes. He is quite grotesque as well and he does not just exert his power over Jane, but he â€Å"twisted the necks of the pigeons, [and] killed the little pea-chicks. † It is clear that Bronte is extremely disgusted with his manner of indulging in animal cruelty as a means to show his masculinity. John is also disagreeable towards his mother and acts without respect towards her, emphasising his belief that he is of a higher status than all women, not just Jane. He â€Å"called his mother ‘old girl’ too; sometimes reviled her for her dark skin, similar to his own; bluntly disregarded her wishes, [and] not infrequently tore and spoiled her silk attire. † These aspects of John Reed, with no doubt, express Bronte’s strong feelings about the fact that all men thought that they were superior to a woman. Her disapproval and abhorrence of male supremacy is clear. Mr Brocklehurst is the second tormenting force that Jane is exposed to in her life. He differs to John Reed in the fact that whilst John Reed is a form of physical oppression towards Jane, Brocklehurst is a form of religious oppression. Nevertheless, both of the two characters are similar in appearance as can be seen by Bronte’s description of them, reinforcing this idea that male characters of oppression have a certain appearance to express their power. When Jane first meets Brocklehurst, the first description she ever gives him is one with negative connotations – â€Å"a black pillar† that was â€Å"standing erect on the rug; the grim face at the top was like a carved mask, placed above the shaft by way of capital. Immediately we are given the sense that he is an imposing and unbending character who is just plain frightening, especially to a young Jane. Brocklehurst seems to be a gothic villain in a sense and as a â€Å"stony stranger†, the sibilance emphasises the fact that he is extremely unapproachable, hard and unforgiving. Bronte also gives Brocklehurst a â€Å"bass voice† which emphasises his masculinity, as well as large features that are â€Å"harsh and prim† to highlight his unyielding disposition. We soon find out that Brocklehurst is in fact a religious hypocrite who uses religion as a vehicle for his repressive force that he exerts on the pupils at his school. However, we are not on first introduction immediately shown his hypocrisy by Bronte until a little later in the novel when Jane is at his school. You read "Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre" in category "Essay examples" Upon Jane and Brocklehurst’s first meeting, he pointedly asks Jane if she should like to â€Å"fall into that pit [full of fire] and be burning there for ever†. In an oppressive manner, Brocklehurst uses these implications of hell as such to scare and terrify Jane into obedience. If we read into Brocklehurst’s language, his hypocrisy is revealed to us. He states to Jane that she would burn in hell â€Å"for ever. † The fact that he says â€Å"for ever† is key in that he particularly twists the Christian ideas. When he mentions hell to Jane he ignores a key Christian idea that you may be saved from hell in an effort to frighten her into submission. Brocklehurst does not know for a fact that Jane will go to hell, but he is threatening her with the idea of hell, as he does with all the girls at Lowood School. Bronte writes the first conversation between Brocklehurst in a way that puts our sympathies, as a reader, with Jane. You must pray to God to change it: to give you a new and clean one: to take away your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh† was the advice given to Jane by Brocklehurst – this is ironic in that Brocklehurst is described by Bronte as being â€Å"stony† himself, emphasising Bronte’s effort to sway the audience’s opinions to side with Jane. At Lowood, Brocklehurst firmly preaches the idea that God wants women to devote themselves to domesticity in order to please Him. He states that â€Å"humility is a Christian grace and one peculiarly appropriate to the pupils of Lowood† and that he brings the girls up in a way so as to cultivate this. Brocklehurst reveals his own hypocrisy and effectively shoots himself in the foot and shows that he clearly does not practice what he preaches with his own children when he tells the story of his daughter Augusta and her trip to Lowood. Augusta comments on â€Å"how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look†, â€Å"almost like poor people’s children†, in comparison to herself in a â€Å"silk gown. † Augusta and her sisters also actually arrive at Lowood, as seen by Jane, in velvet shawls, ostrich plume and such. In this way, Bronte shows her belief that Brocklehurst is all that is wrong with the males of Victorian society as well as many of the rich people who also state that â€Å"consistency, is the first of Christian duties†, without fully committing and believing in what they say themselves. Brocklehurst is in fact an extremely inconsistent person in his day to day life. Mr Brocklehurst is a representation of what Bronte believes is wrong with society and its males with regards to religious oppression, as John Reed is a representation of her beliefs with regard to males in society with regards to physical oppression. In a stark contrast to Mr Brocklehurst is St John Rivers, who is in fact a non-stereotypical patriarch. He is a contrast to Brocklehurst because he firmly does not believe that women like Jane should dedicate and devote themselves to domesticity but instead to God. Brocklehurst is also a hypocrite in this way as he should be preaching the idea of devotion to God but instead teaches his pupils to devote themselves to domesticity. However, there are also some ways in which St John is similar to Brocklehurst, and there is a key link between them in their ideologies. St John has extremely congruent ideologies; however he is not a hypocrite, unlike Brocklehurst. It is important to mention that St John is an aesthetic model, an extremely problematic one at that. He is constantly living for his ideals and with his perfectionist nature, these ideals are almost unattainable. He is deeply religious and self-sacrificing when it comes to fulfilling his religious duties, and in this way, he tries forcefully to get Jane to comply with his approach to life and to go to India with him. To get her to come with him and marry him, he uses language such as â€Å"a part of me you must become†, asserting his authority and power as a male over her. He seems to be sacrificing of both Jane’s happiness and health for others, but he applies this to himself as well. St John attempts to dictate Jane’s life in that he seemingly wants her to reject his job offer as a school mistress for village children. He wants her to hold this job for a while but not permanently as he believes that she â€Å"cannot be content to pass [her] leisure in solitude, and to devote [her] working hours to a monotonous labour† in a place where her skills are made useless. He acknowledges that Jane is destined by God to do greater things, and though he may be wrong, he seems to be hinting to her this fact and that she is fit for a missionary’s wife, in what could be seen as a passive oppressive act. St John is also deeply unhappy with the fact that all Jane seems to want is a happy family life and would use all her money that she inherited to secure it. At Christmas, she is set on revelling in domesticity and St John is very much bothered and despairing of this and tries to convince her to become more like him, albeit in a repressive manner. I excuse you for the present: two months’ grace I allow you for the full enjoyment of your new position† – in this authoritative language St John displays that he does not want Jane to remain the position that she is in and to â€Å"begin to look beyond Moor House and Morton†¦ and the selfish calm and sensual comfort of civilised affluence. † He wants Jane to sacrifice herself to God and I believe that in this way St John is more dangerous than Brocklehurst because he can is oppressive with reason, and he is not a hypocrite and willing to do all he preaches. I have decided to leave discussion of Mr Rochester to the end as I believe that he is by far the most complicated of the male characters throughout the novel, due to the fact that he undergoes a change in which he becomes less of a repressive patriarch and therefore a more suitable husband for Jane. The character at the beginning of the novel is vastly different to the Rochester that we see at the end, in more ways than one. However, the change in his oppressive nature towards Jane is especially significant. Jane did meet Rochester by chance, but even though he did not know who she was, he was still oppressive and authoritative towards her. He commands her to lead him his horse and when she is unable, he states that â€Å"necessity compels [him] to make [her] useful†, laying a heavy hand on her shoulder which is a significant action that demonstrates his sense of authority. This attitude becomes less apparent as he gets to know her though further into their relationship, this dominant side of him reappears as he seemingly tries to force her to stay with him, though deep down he knows he cannot keep her. Jane feels that she is equal to Rochester as he is the first male not to out rightly exercise and force his patriarchal dominance over her. Jane is comfortable to speak out and give her opinion directly, though this is only after he asks. She pointedly states that she does not think that he has â€Å"a right to command [her] merely because [he] is older that her† and in this way she has stated that the fact that he is male also does not play a part, though she does not actually say this. However, as their relationship progresses, this equality is warped and some of it is lost as Rochester seemingly becomes more desperate to have Jane for himself. This gradual increase in commands directed at Jane can be seen when Jane asks to leave him to see Mrs Reed. He commands her to â€Å"promise [him] one thing†, that being â€Å"not to advertise: and to trust this quest of a situation to me. I’ll find you one in time. † His desperation for her to come back as soon as possible is evident in the fact that he orders her not to advertise so that she will definitely come back to him. When Jane tries to leave Rochester for good, upon finding out that he does indeed have a wife, in the form of Bertha Mason, Rochester threatens violence in order to get her to stay. He is desperate to get through to her and to convince her to stay and it is interesting that he seems to want to resort to this. The fact that he threatens this shows us that he is at an end and this is what a male character would do in order to get someone to comply with their wishes. Rochester is interesting in that he does try to give Jane a lot of freedom as a woman to do as she wishes, and is comfortable being an equal with her, but when it comes down to it, he always finally resorts to his dominance as a male. Jane, however, does finally return to Rochester at the end of the novel. She makes her way back to Thornfield only to find it burned to the ground and she seeks out Rochester whom she finds disabled following the great fire started by Bertha. This loss of an arm and his sight his key to making Rochester a suitable husband for Jane. The disability means that Rochester is now physically an equal to Jane, and does not have to suppress his opinions and will never have the opportunity to be dominant over her any more. Before he was disabled, Rochester never exercised his power over Jane, out of choice, this disability means that even if he wanted and chose to utilise his male dominance over her, he cannot. The fact that Bronte decides to take away from Rochester so that he becomes less oppressive is interesting. She seems to be giving Jane a chance to have power in the Victorian society that she lives in, possibly reflecting a wish for herself as a woman. Not all the male characters of Jane Eyre are always patriarchal and some, like Rochester, choose not to exercise their power over the woman. It is important to note that all the characters do it in different ways: physical, religious and only in desperation. However, the distressing reality that Bronte is trying to express is that the majority of the men in society do believe in absolute male supremacy. Nevertheless, she does give the example of Mrs Reed as a female oppressor who demands submission of Jane as a child, and took revenge when not obeyed. I believe that Bronte wanted the male characters to be a strong repressive force so as to reflect her feelings of society and the imbalance between the males and females. It is possible that Bronte was trying to send a message to society through this novel in an effort to provoke a change in society, which would have been met with dispute from male readers and agreement from a female audience. How to cite Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre, Essay examples

Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre Free Essays

string(124) " first introduction immediately shown his hypocrisy by Bronte until a little later in the novel when Jane is at his school\." â€Å"The men in the novel are all repressive patriarchs. For them, male supremacy must be absolute. † In the light of this comment, discuss Bronte’s presentation of male characters in ‘Jane Eyre’. We will write a custom essay sample on Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the novel of Jane Eyre, there seems to be a common sense of patriarchal dominance, as possessed by the male characters. Bronte shows male supremacy through four key characters that Jane encounters throughout her life. Each character differs hugely, though this sense of a higher and more powerful individual, over Jane, remains prevalent in each – they are all repressive patriarchs in some way, though of varying magnitudes. The Victorian society was a completely different society to the one we live in now and it was well-known to be male-dominated and one in which women had almost no rights at all. The fact that Bronte wrote Jane Eyre during this period in time is clearly reflected in the male characters in the novel. It is evident that Bronte herself may have experienced or been put in some of the situations that she portrays Jane to be in by some oppressive male character in her own life. Nevertheless, it is seen that these characters do change as the novel progresses as Bronte seems to give them a chance to withdraw themselves as a repressive force, and show a little more consideration and compassion towards others and women in particular. John Reed is the first of Bronte’s repressive patriarchs in the novel. He is placed at the beginning of the novel and is introduced to us almost immediately. He is in fact the very first oppressive force to Jane in her life and in this way is very significant. At first, John does not seem to be a huge threat to Jane, merely branding her a â€Å"bad animal† and a â€Å"rat†. This juvenile name-calling behaviour, as expressed by John, is still oppressive in that he uses these names to assert a higher power over Jane, subsequent to pronouncing all the books in the house as his property. He reminds Jane that she is in a highly precarious position in society and that she has no class due to the fact that she is living with them. She is classified as â€Å"less than a servant† according to him because she does â€Å"nothing for [her] keep†. John taunts Jane proclaiming that she â€Å"ought to beg† to even live. He continuously reminds Jane that she is a â€Å"dependent†; somewhat indicating that she is dependent on him due to the fact that he is the only male in the household, and therefore the master by birth. Furthermore, John demands obedience of Jane, even though he is only but four years older than her. He exercises what he feels is his power as a male over her physically, as can be seen when he hits Jane with a book as the â€Å"volume was flung†. This physical abuse is indicative of Bronte expressing that John Reed believes that male supremacy must be absolute. The regularity of his bullying as a demand for obedience of Jane, not â€Å"once or twice in a day, but continually† is also characteristic of a repressive patriarch who would feel more secure in continuous rather than periodic abuse. John Reed’s appearance may even be said to be one of a typical oppressive male character. Being â€Å"large and stout† with â€Å"heavy limbs and large extremities† indicate that he is quite a large boy for his age and automatically an intimidating individual. His actions towards Jane are also somewhat animalistic such as â€Å"thrusting out his tongue at [her] as far as he could without damaging the roots†, suggesting his belief in a primal sense of alpha male dominance over a shrewdness of apes. He is quite grotesque as well and he does not just exert his power over Jane, but he â€Å"twisted the necks of the pigeons, [and] killed the little pea-chicks. † It is clear that Bronte is extremely disgusted with his manner of indulging in animal cruelty as a means to show his masculinity. John is also disagreeable towards his mother and acts without respect towards her, emphasising his belief that he is of a higher status than all women, not just Jane. He â€Å"called his mother ‘old girl’ too; sometimes reviled her for her dark skin, similar to his own; bluntly disregarded her wishes, [and] not infrequently tore and spoiled her silk attire. † These aspects of John Reed, with no doubt, express Bronte’s strong feelings about the fact that all men thought that they were superior to a woman. Her disapproval and abhorrence of male supremacy is clear. Mr Brocklehurst is the second tormenting force that Jane is exposed to in her life. He differs to John Reed in the fact that whilst John Reed is a form of physical oppression towards Jane, Brocklehurst is a form of religious oppression. Nevertheless, both of the two characters are similar in appearance as can be seen by Bronte’s description of them, reinforcing this idea that male characters of oppression have a certain appearance to express their power. When Jane first meets Brocklehurst, the first description she ever gives him is one with negative connotations – â€Å"a black pillar† that was â€Å"standing erect on the rug; the grim face at the top was like a carved mask, placed above the shaft by way of capital. Immediately we are given the sense that he is an imposing and unbending character who is just plain frightening, especially to a young Jane. Brocklehurst seems to be a gothic villain in a sense and as a â€Å"stony stranger†, the sibilance emphasises the fact that he is extremely unapproachable, hard and unforgiving. Bronte also gives Brocklehurst a â€Å"bass voice† which emphasises his masculinity, as well as large features that are â€Å"harsh and prim† to highlight his unyielding disposition. We soon find out that Brocklehurst is in fact a religious hypocrite who uses religion as a vehicle for his repressive force that he exerts on the pupils at his school. However, we are not on first introduction immediately shown his hypocrisy by Bronte until a little later in the novel when Jane is at his school. You read "Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre" in category "Essay examples" Upon Jane and Brocklehurst’s first meeting, he pointedly asks Jane if she should like to â€Å"fall into that pit [full of fire] and be burning there for ever†. In an oppressive manner, Brocklehurst uses these implications of hell as such to scare and terrify Jane into obedience. If we read into Brocklehurst’s language, his hypocrisy is revealed to us. He states to Jane that she would burn in hell â€Å"for ever. † The fact that he says â€Å"for ever† is key in that he particularly twists the Christian ideas. When he mentions hell to Jane he ignores a key Christian idea that you may be saved from hell in an effort to frighten her into submission. Brocklehurst does not know for a fact that Jane will go to hell, but he is threatening her with the idea of hell, as he does with all the girls at Lowood School. Bronte writes the first conversation between Brocklehurst in a way that puts our sympathies, as a reader, with Jane. You must pray to God to change it: to give you a new and clean one: to take away your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh† was the advice given to Jane by Brocklehurst – this is ironic in that Brocklehurst is described by Bronte as being â€Å"stony† himself, emphasising Bronte’s effort to sway the audience’s opinions to side with Jane. At Lowood, Brocklehurst firmly preaches the idea that God wants women to devote themselves to domesticity in order to please Him. He states that â€Å"humility is a Christian grace and one peculiarly appropriate to the pupils of Lowood† and that he brings the girls up in a way so as to cultivate this. Brocklehurst reveals his own hypocrisy and effectively shoots himself in the foot and shows that he clearly does not practice what he preaches with his own children when he tells the story of his daughter Augusta and her trip to Lowood. Augusta comments on â€Å"how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look†, â€Å"almost like poor people’s children†, in comparison to herself in a â€Å"silk gown. † Augusta and her sisters also actually arrive at Lowood, as seen by Jane, in velvet shawls, ostrich plume and such. In this way, Bronte shows her belief that Brocklehurst is all that is wrong with the males of Victorian society as well as many of the rich people who also state that â€Å"consistency, is the first of Christian duties†, without fully committing and believing in what they say themselves. Brocklehurst is in fact an extremely inconsistent person in his day to day life. Mr Brocklehurst is a representation of what Bronte believes is wrong with society and its males with regards to religious oppression, as John Reed is a representation of her beliefs with regard to males in society with regards to physical oppression. In a stark contrast to Mr Brocklehurst is St John Rivers, who is in fact a non-stereotypical patriarch. He is a contrast to Brocklehurst because he firmly does not believe that women like Jane should dedicate and devote themselves to domesticity but instead to God. Brocklehurst is also a hypocrite in this way as he should be preaching the idea of devotion to God but instead teaches his pupils to devote themselves to domesticity. However, there are also some ways in which St John is similar to Brocklehurst, and there is a key link between them in their ideologies. St John has extremely congruent ideologies; however he is not a hypocrite, unlike Brocklehurst. It is important to mention that St John is an aesthetic model, an extremely problematic one at that. He is constantly living for his ideals and with his perfectionist nature, these ideals are almost unattainable. He is deeply religious and self-sacrificing when it comes to fulfilling his religious duties, and in this way, he tries forcefully to get Jane to comply with his approach to life and to go to India with him. To get her to come with him and marry him, he uses language such as â€Å"a part of me you must become†, asserting his authority and power as a male over her. He seems to be sacrificing of both Jane’s happiness and health for others, but he applies this to himself as well. St John attempts to dictate Jane’s life in that he seemingly wants her to reject his job offer as a school mistress for village children. He wants her to hold this job for a while but not permanently as he believes that she â€Å"cannot be content to pass [her] leisure in solitude, and to devote [her] working hours to a monotonous labour† in a place where her skills are made useless. He acknowledges that Jane is destined by God to do greater things, and though he may be wrong, he seems to be hinting to her this fact and that she is fit for a missionary’s wife, in what could be seen as a passive oppressive act. St John is also deeply unhappy with the fact that all Jane seems to want is a happy family life and would use all her money that she inherited to secure it. At Christmas, she is set on revelling in domesticity and St John is very much bothered and despairing of this and tries to convince her to become more like him, albeit in a repressive manner. I excuse you for the present: two months’ grace I allow you for the full enjoyment of your new position† – in this authoritative language St John displays that he does not want Jane to remain the position that she is in and to â€Å"begin to look beyond Moor House and Morton†¦ and the selfish calm and sensual comfort of civilised affluence. † He wants Jane to sacrifice herself to God and I believe that in this way St John is more dangerous than Brocklehurst because he can is oppressive with reason, and he is not a hypocrite and willing to do all he preaches. I have decided to leave discussion of Mr Rochester to the end as I believe that he is by far the most complicated of the male characters throughout the novel, due to the fact that he undergoes a change in which he becomes less of a repressive patriarch and therefore a more suitable husband for Jane. The character at the beginning of the novel is vastly different to the Rochester that we see at the end, in more ways than one. However, the change in his oppressive nature towards Jane is especially significant. Jane did meet Rochester by chance, but even though he did not know who she was, he was still oppressive and authoritative towards her. He commands her to lead him his horse and when she is unable, he states that â€Å"necessity compels [him] to make [her] useful†, laying a heavy hand on her shoulder which is a significant action that demonstrates his sense of authority. This attitude becomes less apparent as he gets to know her though further into their relationship, this dominant side of him reappears as he seemingly tries to force her to stay with him, though deep down he knows he cannot keep her. Jane feels that she is equal to Rochester as he is the first male not to out rightly exercise and force his patriarchal dominance over her. Jane is comfortable to speak out and give her opinion directly, though this is only after he asks. She pointedly states that she does not think that he has â€Å"a right to command [her] merely because [he] is older that her† and in this way she has stated that the fact that he is male also does not play a part, though she does not actually say this. However, as their relationship progresses, this equality is warped and some of it is lost as Rochester seemingly becomes more desperate to have Jane for himself. This gradual increase in commands directed at Jane can be seen when Jane asks to leave him to see Mrs Reed. He commands her to â€Å"promise [him] one thing†, that being â€Å"not to advertise: and to trust this quest of a situation to me. I’ll find you one in time. † His desperation for her to come back as soon as possible is evident in the fact that he orders her not to advertise so that she will definitely come back to him. When Jane tries to leave Rochester for good, upon finding out that he does indeed have a wife, in the form of Bertha Mason, Rochester threatens violence in order to get her to stay. He is desperate to get through to her and to convince her to stay and it is interesting that he seems to want to resort to this. The fact that he threatens this shows us that he is at an end and this is what a male character would do in order to get someone to comply with their wishes. Rochester is interesting in that he does try to give Jane a lot of freedom as a woman to do as she wishes, and is comfortable being an equal with her, but when it comes down to it, he always finally resorts to his dominance as a male. Jane, however, does finally return to Rochester at the end of the novel. She makes her way back to Thornfield only to find it burned to the ground and she seeks out Rochester whom she finds disabled following the great fire started by Bertha. This loss of an arm and his sight his key to making Rochester a suitable husband for Jane. The disability means that Rochester is now physically an equal to Jane, and does not have to suppress his opinions and will never have the opportunity to be dominant over her any more. Before he was disabled, Rochester never exercised his power over Jane, out of choice, this disability means that even if he wanted and chose to utilise his male dominance over her, he cannot. The fact that Bronte decides to take away from Rochester so that he becomes less oppressive is interesting. She seems to be giving Jane a chance to have power in the Victorian society that she lives in, possibly reflecting a wish for herself as a woman. Not all the male characters of Jane Eyre are always patriarchal and some, like Rochester, choose not to exercise their power over the woman. It is important to note that all the characters do it in different ways: physical, religious and only in desperation. However, the distressing reality that Bronte is trying to express is that the majority of the men in society do believe in absolute male supremacy. Nevertheless, she does give the example of Mrs Reed as a female oppressor who demands submission of Jane as a child, and took revenge when not obeyed. I believe that Bronte wanted the male characters to be a strong repressive force so as to reflect her feelings of society and the imbalance between the males and females. It is possible that Bronte was trying to send a message to society through this novel in an effort to provoke a change in society, which would have been met with dispute from male readers and agreement from a female audience. How to cite Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre, Essay examples

Connect Other Events to Hiroshima Bomb Attacks free essay sample

The book of Hiroshima had many events that can connect to events that have happened throughout time before and after the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, some of these events that relate are: 1)Nagasaki was a major event that could relate the most to the bombing of Hiroshima. They can relate in that Nagasaki suffered the same fate as Hiroshima in August 1945. The bombing of Nagasaki on August 9th was the last major act of World War Two and within days the Japanese had surrendered. Considerable damage was done to both Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the horrific injuries suffered at Hiroshima were also witnessed at Nagasaki. 2)9/11 was the other event that could relate to Hiroshima because they were both unexpected attacks to a country, in which innocent people suffered the consequences. Both attacks hurt both countries and caused major disturbance and made many people afraid of what was going to happen next. Both incidents will always be remembered as unnecessary, unfair and hard to overcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Connect Other Events to Hiroshima Bomb Attacks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page )The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that also relates to the Hiroshima event because it hurt the people and some died as well. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere, which spread over much of Western USSR and Europe. It is widely considered to have been the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. 4)Pearl Harbor was another event related to Hiroshima. It was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941. They relate in being unexpected and hurting people as well. 5)The Holocaust was another horrible event where it is estimated that 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. Six million of these were Jews. The Nazis killed approximately two-thirds of all Jews living in Europe. An estimated 1. 1 million children were murdered in the Holocaust. This relates to Hiroshima in guiltless and innocent people dying and suffering.

Multiculturalism in Music free essay sample

Visualize in your head a rock band, and a rapper. What kind of clothes are they wearing. What lyric styles are they singing In? And what color are they? Ongoing stereotypes suggest that the rock band Is a group of white musicians and the rapper would be black. However, examples from the past and present shows that these stereotypes are untrue. Music is defined as The art of organizing tones to produce a coherent sequence of sounds to elicit an aesthetic response in a listener (Morris, 864). This countrys youth is unlike any others, we have much control over what we o, and music is something that evolves around all of us. In this essay, I will discuss the evolution of youth music ranging from early rock, to todays hip hop stars, from a multiculturalism point of view. Multiculturalism Is a term Identifying the presence of several significant cultures (Stark, 434). We will write a custom essay sample on Multiculturalism in Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without the presence of multiculturalism, music may not be as diversified and rounded as it is today. Through sharing ideas, techniques and skills, music has evolved into a vast amount of identifying styles.The birth of youth oriented music began with the birth of rock and roll. Many think that rock Is generally composed of a white population, and not many would believe that rock was actually started by blacks. This shows early signs of multiculturalism through music. Rock and roll music is actually a spawn of rhythm and blues, that was created in the asses. The name Rock and roll was identified by Alan Freed, a radio disc Jockey that introduced rhythm and blues to the mainstream public, and altered it for the rock and roll. What Freed certainly knew but few whites were unaware of at the time was that the term (rock and roll) was widely used in black USIA as a euphemism for sex (RRG, 20). Concepts of rhythm and clues such as complex rhythms and call-out response and blending work of both Joys and sorrows in the South were taken black American heritage (RRG, 23). These styles of music were set to Anglo-style songs and thus produced a new style of music. This new style of music set the stage for some of the most influential musicians of youth in this time. One of the most influential musician of this time was Chuck Berry.Berry was one of the first rhythm and blues performers to have an Interracial audience, ND a heavy Influence In the future careers of the Rolling Stones, Battles, and Beach Boys. This new and exiting form of musical expression was taken In by the youth. It gave them a feeling of freedom and joy that had been lacking from previous music styles. Although rock became an instant hit with the youth, the music caused displeasure in the adult world. Rock was criticized for Juvenile delinquency to loosened sexual standards (RRG, 27). The most notorious example of what adults didnt Like In rock music can be found In Elvis Presley. Elvis was the first white performer to expose an audience to rock music. However, the free-will style Elvis exhibited was not a real big hit with the adults, where he was condemned as a whirling dervish of sex. Rock music then went on a tear, evolving into many different styles and forms. As rock matured and diversified, many new artists and distinct styles emerged. Such examples are blues, featured by 8. 8. King and Ruth Brown. Harmonious styles such as The Orioles, the energetic swing sounds of Little Richard, the role-model rock star Pat Boone, and the folk rock of the Overly Brothers. Such as war, politics, current events, and lifestyles. Another aspect that evolved rock music was technology. As more and more technology was developed, more integrated sounds were brought into rock, eventually resulting into such music as pop and disco. Music was now able to have artificial Beats that traditional instruments could not produce. This new form of music paved the road to a whole new dimension of music, one that is widely known today as hip-hop. Hip-hop music is a style that consists of sampling, attitude, dance, style, and sound effects. It is a Afro-diasporas cultural form which attempts to negotiate the experiences of organization (Rose, 72). Lyrics in hip-hop often refer to the experiences of urban life and other experience topics. Divisions of hip-hop usually but no not always include, the aspect of Digging, groups, rapping, break dancing, and the always present competitiveness. Hip-hop also is associated with living a certain lifestyle. This style is to live for danger and excitement, a particular style (clothes, cars, etc. ), and the feeling that you cannot let anyone stand in your was with what you want to be in life.Early hip-hop included music from Grandmaster Flash and the Sugar Hill Gang. This style of music brought much over from rhythm and blues and funk. These two groups correlated the live Jazz band feel with the new Durban beat technology. The next big wave of hip-hop occurred a few years later, against rap. This style was highlighted by a group called NNW. Gangs rap usually contained harsh lyrics about life as it would be living the gang life, and the struggles that must be overcome. In many cases, the harsh lyrics would be directed to another hip-hop group or rapper, usually of a different record label, or someone from a rival city or gang.This ongoing dud still exists, but has somewhat slowed down since the eventful murders of Tuba Shaker and The Notorious 8. 1. G. Currently rap is still about gangs. However, these Gangs are now the different record labels of rap, such as, Bad Boy, Ruff Ryder, No Limits, Rockefeller, and Death Row. The future of hip-hop is cloudy, and one can only speculate in the direction it is heading. Today, multiculturalism is represented in many forms of music. Many pop radio stations would likely play Jay-Z (rap), followed by Rickety Martin (Latin), and Backstreet Boys (five member group consisting of 4 efferent nationalities). An exchange of musical cultures is among us and it is beginning to show in recent music. The most significant example of this would be the newest and most popular music currently on the market, alt-rock. Alt-rock is a combination of both alternative rock and hip-hop, two styles of music that are pretty distinctive in their own ways. The hot-selling Limp Bikini, Kid Rock, Insane Clown Posse, and Rage Against the Machine are examples of these type of groups. This style of music features constant tempo changes, and rapping over guitar licks, which was seldom ever done before.For example, Limp Bikini is made up of the following member; a white rapping vocalist, a Jazzed-schooled drummer, a funk savvy bassist, a guitarist with roots in punk and metal, and a DC that spins beats while the guitar and drums play on. Another sign of multiculturalism though music, is the emergence of hip-hop and rap, without the typical hip-hop and rap stereotype. Kid Rock, Mine, Overcast, Fred Durst, and the pioneers, the Beastie Boys have brought new color to rap and hip-hop, white. All five artists are enjoying success at the moments and are being praised for it.It seems as if many of the racial barriers of music are These artists are respected through the hip-hop community and are all currently working with black hip-hop and rap artists on collaborations. This would include Dry. Deer and Mine, Fred Durst and Method Man, Kid Rock and Ill Kim, and Overcast and Santa, which is more rock and hip-hop, but color lines are still crossed. In conclusion, if multiculturalism is the collaboration of different ethnic groups ideas and cultures, then music could be Justified as a prime example. There once stood bold lines between the white rocker and the black rapper. These days, the line is virtually gone, and people are getting along better. This is shown in concerts such as the Family Values Tour, which despite the innocent name, features metal bands and rap artists. Through these concerts, you get many different ethnic groups getting together and having a great time together at a concert, and there has never been and race-related innocents at these concerts in the last few years. Music can have a strong influence on people, and if we are able to bring down color barriers that once stood tall though something that everyone loves, music, I say we should stick to that plan.

Criminal Justice Research Essays

Criminal Justice Research Essays Criminal Justice Research Essay Criminal Justice Research Essay The educational system in America is deteriorating, which has lead students to failure and unrealized potential. Conversely, in Mike Roses essay, I Just Wanna Be Average he describes not only the problems with Vocational Education, but the effects it has on kids who spend their entire educational career in Voc. Ed. In Michael Moores essay, Idiot Nation he argues that the failures of the educational system and the lack of financing has been caused by the politics and the people who vote for them. Moore’s essay is more persuasive because he adopts a tone dripping with sarcasm and true passion for his cause. Mike Rose, in his anecdotal essay on education, describes not only the problems with Vocational Education, but the effects it has on students who spend their entire educational careers in these types of classes, who like himself, as a result of a high standardized test score allowed to take higher-level classes with more competent teachers. He illustrates these points by describing coping mechanisms that students develop to make up for their lack of a (real education). He also states that those who are knowledgeable, that they are (in the bottom) of the class, will be for the rest of their lives. Instead of receiving a higher education than average to make up for their learning disabilities, they receive a less-than-average education from under-qualified teachers. Rose also points out that the impact a teacher has on his or her students is very powerful. He states students will float to the mark you set (164) students will work harder if their teachers set the standards high. Throughout his excerpt, Rose shows through numerous examples that teachers are a vital part to a student’s success in life. Seeing Rose’s credibility in his story this quote was mentioned â€Å"I see nothing (in proposed regulations) for people striving for higher standards† meaning that he doesn’t see any reasoning to put all these rules and situations on someone’s plate if they are trying to better themselves or pushing for higher standards. Rose also clearly believes that every single student have a right and can reach their maximum potential, and rise to heir own expectations Rose’s purpose, therefore, is to bring to light the problems with this program and others like it to try to catalyze some change. He appeals to his audience by using cutting expression usage and conveying through irony and emotional appeal. Moore brings to light his view on the failures of the educational system and the lack of financing that has been caused from Pol iticians as well as American corporations contribute to the decline in education. His first major line of attack is the failed United States education system. Taking educational institutions at the federal municipal to a private level. Lamenting libraries without adequate books and modernized computer devices. Naming some United States Presidents that lacked knowledge of world geography. Arguing that the most powerful leader in the free world (an American president) should be knowledgeable about all 200 non-aligned and United Nations confederation member states. Moore mesmerizes his audience by presenting horrifying facts about the â€Å"state of stupidity in this country† (156). The facts that Moore presents are very effective due to the shocking nature of them. Early in the text Moore illustrates his point presenting, â€Å"There are forty-four million Americans who cannot read and write above a fourth-grade level- in other words, who are functional illiterates† (154). This stuns the reader, who would have ever thought that in a country like this, that many Americans could be, well stupid. He goes on to give another statistic that Americans, on average, read only 99 hours a year and watch television 1,460 hours a year. By throwing these astonishing facts at the reader early on, Moore builds up the trust of his readers and also holds their attention. Teachers are evaluated yearly in most municipalities. Tenured teaching career are being phased out. Therefore, Moore combines logical and emotional appeals when speaking on the devastating nature of the condition of some of America’s schools. Throughout the text, Moore uses harsh diction to get his point across. To some readers this may be offensive but when combined with the facts that Moore presents it makes his argument more convincing and powerful. The techniques Moore uses to make his argument convincing are very effective. The logical and emotional appeals as well as his harsh diction persuade the reader to agree with Moore in his argument on the stupidity and ignorance of the nation.

The Scientific Reasoning Level of Students In the Faculty of Science Research Proposal

The Scientific Reasoning Level of Students In the Faculty of Science In King Saud University - Research Proposal Example It is important to establish how scientific reasoning capability affect the way students choose the subjects to specialize in. Students within the faculty of science in King Saudi University can choose to specialize in Biology, Chemistry, or Physics. It is also important to establish the scientific reasoning capability of students in the four learning levels in King Saud University to determine whether their understanding of different scientific concepts is progressing or not. Literature Review A lot of research has been done on factors that determine performance of students in science and the scientific reasoning. Such studies have shown that scientific reasoning is imperative and it enables students predict and apply different scientific theories. A study conducted by Bell, Maeng & Peters (2010, p. 8) showed that students enjoy challenges posed by scientific inquiry and take part more devotedly when supported. The study also showed that most teachers do not exhibit natural ability in providing instructions and teaching on the nature of science thus students interest in science and scientific reasoning capability tends to depreciate as they proceed to higher teaching levels. Schen (2007, p. 86-88) did a study to investigate development of scientific reasoning among undergraduate students majoring in Biology. The study made use of Lawson Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning (LCTSR) to assess student’s scientific reasoning capability. The study results showed that there is need to foster development of reasoning skills among undergraduate biology students to improve the reasoning skills of future scientists. Schen concluded that undergraduate students pursuing biology may be having difficulty in understanding scientific methods well since they are not evolving their mental reasoning skills (Schen, 2007, p.142). Moore and Rubbo (2011, p.3) did another research to determine scientific reasoning abilities of non-science majors in physics-based courses. The study results showed that students in non-scientific physics based courses, which included conceptual physics and astronomy courses score considerably lower on the LCTSR compared to students enrolled in courses with science majors (Moore & Rubbo, 2011, p.8-11). Another study was done by Benford and Russell (2001, p.2) and aimed at examining the connection between scientific methodologies and biological inquiry methods in college biology laboratories. The study established a negative relationship between lecturer or instructor inquiry and student understanding of nature of science. The study also showed that most biology students have low scientific reasoning capability. Little research has been done on how scientific reasoning differs in different scientific specialization such as Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Additionally, there is less literature comparing the trend of scientific reasoning across different levels of study. This study is thus important since it aims at establis hing if there is any difference in scientific reasoning in the different specialization as well as in the different levels of study. Background and Objective The level of scientific reasoning determines how student perceive different aspects of science, which in turn determine the science subject they choose to major in. The scientific concepts vary from one level of study to

Greek Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Greek Civil War - Research Paper Example The Communist Party found this opportunity to grab power by creating National Liberation Front, called the EAM. The other group opposing the communist viewpoint belonged to the EDES. The EDES got support from the Britain as Britain was against the expansion of communism. Winston Churchill, the then Prime-Minister of Britain met with Joseph Stalin of Germany in 1944. In a political and diplomatic bargain it was decided between both the premiers that Germany would get a stronghold in Romania if Germany supported the United Kingdom’s hold in Greece. The Germans had been there in Greece since the World War II, started to recede back from Greece without providing any concrete assistance to communists to remain in power although communists were quite powerful politically and militarily at that time. It started a battle between the British forces and the EAM on December 2, 1944 resulting in a win for the nationalists and reduction of the communist stronghold on Greece (Leonard par. 1 ). The first stage of civil war started some months before the Germany forces were evacuating Greece in October 1944. Parties to the Civil War in Greece were two leading guerrilla forces, the communist-supported EAM-ELAS (National Liberation Front–National Popular Liberation Army) and the EDES (Greek Democratic National Army).The EAM-ELAS overpowered all opposing guerrilla and political enemies except the EDES in early 1944 and established its rule in the Greek mountains, which meant end of the rule of the Greek King and his government in exile. With the withdrawal of troops by Germany, the British government supported the communists and the royal Greek guerrillas to make a coalition government in Athens but was unable to dissolve the guerrilla forces, which resulted in a bitter civil war in Athens on December 3 (Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"Greek Civil War,† par. 2). One of the reasons of the war was that the communists were against the British proposal of disarming the ELAS, therefore, declared a general strike in Athens on December, 1944. It led to a conflict between the police and the ELAS. A ceasefire was announced when Winston Churchill came to Athens resulting in withdrawal of ELAS guerrillas from Athens. An accord was made on February 12, 1945 according to which ELAS was supposed to surrender its weapons in fourteen days (ThinkQuest par. 2). This fierce battle brought the EAM-ELAM in a winning position everywhere in Greece except Athens and Thessaloniki, where the British military controlled the deteriorating situation with great difficulty (Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"Greek Civil War,† par. 2). In February 1945, the communists announced the disseverment of their forces in a conference but did not participate in the general election in Greece in March 1946 resulting in a royalist majority (Encyclopedia Britannica, â€Å"Greek Civil War,† par. 3). The March 1946 elections were biased towards EDES to which the communists reacted by forming the Democratic Party of Greece (DA), and issued a statement that they would continue fighting until democratic forces prevail upon and rule Greece. Initially, Communists were leading ahead because of support from the neighboring Yugoslavia and communists’ strong presence in the Northern Greece (Leonard par. 2). Other important political happening included plebiscite in September 1946 establishing the rule of the Greek King once again. Communists who had gone hidden earlier once again waged

The principles of lean and agile Manufacturing

The principles of lean and agile Manufacturing All related literatures are reviewed in this chapter. Lean concept focuses on eliminate waste, while agile concept focuses on flexibility in supply chain. The theories that cite the topic of reducing cycle time in, which related to the lean concept. Detailed topics included in this chapter are 1. Principles of Lean Manufacturing 2. Product cycle time improvement 3. Principles of Agile Manufacturing 2.1 Principles of Lean Manufacturing Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno at the Toyota Motor Company in Japan had found the Lean production concept after World War II. Toyota Production System (TPS) is the original moving assembly line developed by Toyota Motor that make material flow continuously (Shingo, 1981; Monden, 1983; Ohno, 1988; Jones, Roos, and Womack, 1991). Henry Ford (1926) had been using parts of Lean as early as the 1920s, as prove as by the following quote: One of the most noteworthy accomplishments in keeping the price of Ford products low is the gradual shortening of the production cycle. The longer an article is in the process of manufacture and the more it is moved about, the greater is its ultimate cost In the past, the traditional business in the manufacturing industry Lean is a philosophy that is a method of inventory management and production control (Diana Coggin, 2003). Lean Manufacturing principle seeks to remove non-value-added activities from the production process. The Lean Manufacturing technology focuses on the production, quality, customer service, and profitability. It investigates the total operations system. The core of Lean Manufacturing is that can synergistic work to create a streamline, high quality system and produce the product meet the customer requirement with no waste. (Shan and Ward, 2003). Lean is a methodology that used to increase speed and reduce the cost of any process by eliminating waste. The main concept of Lean Manufacturing is that can be work together to create a streamline, high quality system and produce the product meet the customer demand with no waste (Shah and Ward, 2003). The companies can produce, develop and distribute products with half or less of the human effort, tools, time, space and overall expense by eliminating unnecessary steps, recombining labor into cross-functional teams dedicated to that activity, planning all steps in an activity in a continuous flow, and continuous attempt to improvement. They can also become more flexible and responsive to customer demands (Harvard Business School Press, 2000). The benefits of lean manufacturing is greater productivity, lower cost, shorter delivery times, improved quality and increased customer satisfaction. The objective of lean manufacturing is to deliver orders on time with shortest lead time with minimum inventory and with fewer resources. 2.1.1 Characteristics of a Leans process The principle of lean manufacturing is to eliminate waste in all the processes, there are seven types of waste: overproduction, inefficient transportation, general delays, inefficient internal materials handling, processing, inventory, defects. Lean principles can be used to improve productivity driven by workers, based on their knowledge of the work and equipment, with the goal of increasing value added work (Holly and Gaskins, 2004) The characteristics of Lean process assist to flow of process run as continuously as possible with a rapid cycle time. The precise description of each work station activity specifying cycle time, take-time, the work sequence of specific tasks, and the minimum inventory of parts on hand needed to conduct the activity (Stenzel, 2007). The characteristics of lean processes are: Make to order Single-piece production Just-In-Time materials/pull scheduling Short cycle times Quick changeover Continuous flow work cells Compressed space Multi-skilled employees High first-pass yields with major reductions in defects 2.2 Product cycle time improvement Lean manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste. Cycle time reduction is identifying and implementing more efficient ways to do things. Reducing cycle time requires eliminating or reducing non-value-added activities. The technique often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale. ( Michael and Kentaro, 1998) Cycle time reduction is an important access in the tool chest of performance improvement methods. Cycle time reduction focuses on the opportunity to the time to complete the many process in the company. Cycle time is identifiable for a business process or the company, specific activity. Total cycle time is the sum of the cycle time of all activities in all the process of the company. It is important to understand the four components of the activities cycle time. Components of cycle time: wait, move, delay, process. Wait is the time an item that waiting to be moved to the next activity. Move time is the time during which the item moved from the last activity to the next. Delay or set up time is the time from when the item is ready to be processed at the next operation, until the work actually starts. Process Time is the time it takes to complete the work once it has begun. The component of the cycle time decision elements: a. Processing time: timing that the thing is being worked on by an operation. To studying this matter seriously by using tool; a stopwatch from camera following unit being processed by one operator all the way through the process (or sub-process). Processing Time = Manual Work + Walking + Waiting b. Waiting time: timing between sub-process that the thing gets shuffled around or sits around waiting for someone to work on it. As well as knowing Waiting Transportation Time or Inventory/Transpiration Time. In this case have effect from waiting time in each work station and wait time of part of car model. c. Change overtime; the amount of time takes to change over the making or program from the end to previous step to the current step. If you have to takes always will effect with total cycle time. d. Since a batch size of one has been unpracticed the goal is in improve productivity periodically. The ultimately reduces inventory carry costs, work in progress, and cycle time. Also this enabling the company operates profitably at lower margins. 2.3 Principles of Agile Manufacturing The Agile Manufacturing was presented in the first time at the publication in the USA of a report entitled 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy (Barutcu, 2007). So, it has been introduced as a method of increasing competitive advantage in response to increasingly competitive global markets. Agile concept focuses on the fast response to changeable of customer demand (Mason-Jones, Naylor, Towill, 2000). The key component in agile manufacturing is flexibility (Nagel and Dove, 1991; Goldman, Nagel, Preiss, 1995). The agile manufacturing methods can be adjusted and consolidated into companies of any size to ensure the growth and success. The changeable of customer and technological requirements that make the manufacturers develop agile supply chain capabilities in order to be competitive (Barutcu, 2007). So, many companies use the flexibility and agility to respond the customers requirement and markets demand in real time (Mason-Jones et al., 2000; Yusuf et al., 2004). The new concept of agility manufacturing need to secure competitive advantage from the production process that can be both efficient and responsive (Davis, 1987; Pine, 1993). Agility can be defined as the ability of an organization to succeed in a constantly changing, and unpredictable business environment (Iaccoca Institute, 1991). The agility has four basic principles that to improve customer interaction by providing added value in order to satisfy customers needs (Nagel, 1993). The lead time to satisfy customer demands is important for both lean and agile. High product quality levels are also important for both lean and agile (Childerhouse Towill, 2000). In the case of lean, minimal lead times are required because time is waste and should be removed if possible. In the other hand, in the case of agile, minimal lead times are required to be able to respond volatile customer demand as quickly as possible (Towill, 1996). So, the concept of lean can be used to eliminate waste, when demand is smooth by planning to maximize profit by the way of reducing the physical cost (Womack Jones, 1996). And the concept of agile, the main point is the extreme of volatile market demand (Christopher, 2000). The lean concept try to offer the good quality products at lower price by removing inventory and waste from the process, in the other hand, agile concept try to serve as quickly as possible to the customer requirements and specifications (Maskell, 2001). Naylor et al., (1999) stated that both lean and agile paradigms in relation to supply chain strategies: Agility means using market knowledge and a virtual corporation to exploit profitable opportunities in a volatile marketplace. Leanness means developing a value stream to eliminate all waste, including time, and to enable a level schedule. To understand the evolution of these paradigms, a brief history of industrial production processes need to be described. There have been three major phases or paradigm shifts of industrial production in the modern world (Smith, 1992; Womack et al., 1991). These phases are as follows: 1. Craft production. This phase is in which craftsmen contracted and completed individual projects on a job-by-job basis. Customer requests were typically for unique products, which varied to some extent from a previously manufactured item. 2. Mass production. This phase is largely associated with the coming of age of Henry Fords mass production assembly line this was the time in which cookie-cutter products were rolled off the end of the line at breakneck speeds. Product variety was minimal at the beginning of this phase and increased somewhat as time progressed. 3. Lean/JIT production. This is a phase which only recently has been recognized as a viable production alternative. Lean/Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing attempts to use the advantages of mass production in concert with the principles of JIT and elimination of waste in order to minimize the total cost of producing a product. All related literatures are reviewed in this chapter. The researcher has discussed relevant concepts in the production process in make-to-order manufacturing. Lean focuses on eliminate waste whereas agile focuses on flexibility in supply chain.